在ACCA考試中,F(xiàn)M科目“Assets replacement decisions”作為重要考點(diǎn)經(jīng)常都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在試卷里,這個(gè)知識(shí)不僅可能會(huì)考到客觀題,也會(huì)有可能考到大題,今天會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟大家詳解。
對(duì)于資產(chǎn)重置類型題目的考察,主要是兩種形式:
一種是替換舊資產(chǎn)時(shí)有兩種資產(chǎn)選擇,但由于這兩種資產(chǎn)壽命各不同,無(wú)法直接對(duì)比選擇。比如替換舊設(shè)備有兩個(gè)選擇,一個(gè)是A設(shè)備,總成本$1000,使用壽命10年;一個(gè)是B設(shè)備,總成本$5000,使用壽命5年。此時(shí)無(wú)法直接拿$1000和$5000對(duì)比。
另一種則是舊資產(chǎn)的更換頻率,按幾年更換一次較為合適。比如可以3年或者5年進(jìn)行更換,但由于對(duì)應(yīng)發(fā)生的總成本可能也不同。所以此時(shí)也無(wú)法直接對(duì)比。
這兩種情況本質(zhì)其實(shí)都是由于年限不同,無(wú)法直接按成本進(jìn)行對(duì)比。所以就會(huì)采用接下來(lái)我們要說(shuō)的等額年金法EAC ( Equivalent Annual Cost method ) 來(lái)計(jì)算對(duì)比。這種方法不僅解決了年限不同的限制,即將其均攤切換到每一年的成本現(xiàn)值,這樣就能在相同周期內(nèi)(一年為基準(zhǔn))按照誰(shuí)小選誰(shuí)的原則。同時(shí)也考慮了貨幣的時(shí)間價(jià)值。所以結(jié)果會(huì)更加客觀準(zhǔn)確。
這種方法會(huì)有幾個(gè)假設(shè)前提:
一是不管選擇哪種方案,它只影響成本,對(duì)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)成本和效率無(wú)影響。
二是項(xiàng)目可以無(wú)限重置,一旦完成置換之后,一直會(huì)沿用下去,不考慮下次決策問(wèn)題。
計(jì)算步驟:
第一步:
計(jì)算每一個(gè)置換方案成本的凈現(xiàn)值。
第二步:
將成本的凈現(xiàn)值除以對(duì)應(yīng)的年金折現(xiàn)系數(shù)得到每年的等額年金成本。
公式:EAC=PV of Cost / Annuity Factor
(類比不同項(xiàng)目周期收益:如果兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目的NPV不同,項(xiàng)目的周期也不同。進(jìn)行對(duì)比選擇時(shí),按照同樣思路,將這兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目調(diào)整到同一時(shí)間維度,即切換到每年等額年收益即可進(jìn)行對(duì)比。
此時(shí)公式:Equivalent Annual Benefit (EAB)=NPV of Project/Annuity Factor)
真題 S/D Q31:
Melanie Co is considering the acquisition of a new machine with an operating life of three years. The new machine could be leased for three payments of $55,000, payable annually in advance.
Alternatively, the machine could be purchased for $160,000 using a bank loan at a cost of 8% per year. If the machine is purchased Melanie Co will incur maintenance costs of $8,000 per year, payable at the end of each year of operation. The machine would have a residual value of $40,000 at the end of its three-year life
Melanie Co’s production manager estimates that if maintenance routines were upgraded the new machine could be operated for a period of four years with maintenance costs increasing to $12,000 per year, payable at the end of each year of operation. If operated for four years the machine’s residual value would fall to $11,000. Taxation should be ignored.
Required:
Using a discount rate of 10%, calculate the equivalent annual cost of purchasing and operating the machine for both three years and four years, and recommend which replacement interval should be adopted.
因?yàn)轭}目問(wèn)題問(wèn)的是通過(guò)EAC計(jì)算,讓判斷按3年還是按4年置換。所以能確定的前提是購(gòu)買資產(chǎn),第1段的租賃費(fèi)用$55,000在此問(wèn)無(wú)用。
第2段承接第1段對(duì)應(yīng)置換的新設(shè)備周期是3年,初始投資成本$160,000,這筆資金通過(guò)借款融資而來(lái),借款利率具體要求是讓按10%,不是原來(lái)題目中的8%。之后每年年末發(fā)生$8,000的維修費(fèi)用,第3年末殘值收入$40,000。
第3段信息對(duì)應(yīng)設(shè)備周期是4年,依然通過(guò)借款融資初始投資成本$160,000,之后每年年末發(fā)生$12,000維修費(fèi)用,第4年末殘值收入$11,000。忽略稅的影響。
所以思路就是分別把周期為3年和4年對(duì)應(yīng)的成本的凈現(xiàn)值計(jì)算出來(lái),除以對(duì)應(yīng)年金折現(xiàn)系數(shù)得到等額年金成本進(jìn)行對(duì)比:
通過(guò)EAC對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)周期為4年的資產(chǎn)等額年成本小于3年的。所以當(dāng)然選擇按照每4年進(jìn)行資產(chǎn)置換。
Recommendation The machine should be replaced every four years as the equivalent annual cost is lower.
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫